Why patients with familial hypercholesterolemia are at high cardiovascular risk? Beyond LDL-C levels

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common genetic cause of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) due to defective clearance circulating LDL particles. All FH patients are at high risk for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) events their genetically determined lifelong exposure LDL-C levels. However, different rates CVD have been reported in patients, even among those with the same mutations and comparable Hence, additional modifiers, beyond LDL-C, may contribute increase population. In this review, we discuss overall burden Additionally, revise prognostic impact several traditional emerging predictors provide an overview role specific tools stratify order ensure them more personalized treatment approach.